now , all 70 systems in the lab can be switched on and switched off by single commands from the hostel…

Yes, that and a lot more is possible in our Software Systems Lab now. How? Read on…

The Setup

We have over 70 systems with Ubuntu 10.04 LTS installed on them. There is an administrative account (let’s call it admin for this post) and a guest (limited privilege) account on each. Needless to say, admin password is known only to admins and guest password is known to all who use the lab. All these systems are configured to be able to controlled remotely (read: OpenSSH server is installed on each).

Basic Idea

1. Log in via SSH without a password
2. Write your desired command and run it in background
3. Run the above in a loop for the lab’s subnet.

Detailed Steps

See Tips for Remote Unix Work (SSH, screen, and VNC) for the first step (and for more immensely useful tips on remote usage of *NIX systems).

For Step 2, here is one example command:

ssh -t admin@labsystem "echo  | sudo -S shutdown -h now" &

In the above command labsystem is usually replaced with an IP address like 192.168.xxx.xxx and the <pass> with the password of the admin account.

WARNING: it’s not suggested to use the above command out in the open to save the password from prying eyes; also note that for additional security, you need to take a measure to make sure this is not saved in bash history or if the command is in a script, it’s not accessible to others.

The requirement of ampersand at the end depends on particular usage (if you want to run, let’s say,  uptime command over ssh, you would not want the output to go to background, or you can redirect the output to some file). Putting the process in background, in this case, will help in the next step.

The -S switch for sudo makes it possible to supply the password via stdin (we had discovered this switch from sudo’s man page, but didn’t manage to conclude “echo pass |” will do the trick until we discovered it at StackOverflow)

Step 3: use your favorite scripting language (bash, python, etc.) and run the above command for all the systems of your lab subnet. An example in bash:

for ip in {101..180}
do
	ssh -t admin@192.168.xxx.$ip "echo  | sudo -S shutdown -h now" &
done

The above code snippet will run the desired command for all systems in subnet within the IP range 192.168.xxx.101 to 192.168.xxx.180. Now, you can clearly see how putting the process in the background will help – the next iteration of the loop need not wait for the command in previous iteration to finish!

In the passing, here’s a small video I shot featuring Dhandeep when he got all excited to see this working:

That’s it. Try this out, share your tricks and have some *NIX fun in your lab.

PS: I have not covered how systems can be switched on with this setup. It basically involves broadcasting a magic packet to the subnet. Hope Dhandeep comes up with a blog post on that soon.  Here it is: On the push of a button..

Ciao

Kartik

To give an “intensional definition” is to define a word or phrase in terms of other words, as a dictionary does. To give an “extensional definition” is to point to examples, as adults do when teaching children. The preceding sentence gives an intensional definition of “extensional definition”, which makes it an extensional example of “intensional definition”.

Source: http://lesswrong.com/lw/nh/extensions_and_intensions/

Dennis Ritchie. Source: http://www.linfo.org/q_unix.html See also Ashik’s post about his death – http://aashiks.in/blog/?p=270

I am using Fedora 15 64-bit with GNOME 3 desktop.

First install the dependency packages, I had to install all these devel packages for my system, YMMY, see below:

sudo yum install cmake bzip2-devel xlib-devel zlib-devel openssl-devel qt-devel qmake boost-devel libupnp-devel aspell-devel libidn-devel lua-devel

cd to a desired directory where you keep your sources. Then,

git clone git://github.com/negativ/eiskaltdcpp.git #Clone the latest source from the official git repo
cd eiskaltdcpp/
gedit INSTALL & #Keep the INSTALL file handy, it lists all the dependencies required for the build
mkdir builddir
cd builddir/
cmake -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/usr -DUSE_QT=ON -DUSE_ASPELL=ON -DFREE_SPACE_BAR_C=ON  -DCREATE_MO=ON -DLUA_SCRIPT=ON -DWITH_SOUNDS=ON -DWITH_LUASCRIPTS=ON -DUSE_MINIUPNP=ON -DLOCAL_MINIUPNP=ON ../

If you get an error in the above step, check which dependency is missing and install it using yum

make -j9 #replace 9 with the number of cores in your CPU plus one. For my Core i7 CPU with 8 cores, it's 9
sudo make install

You can try running it by typing eiskaltdcpp-qt on the terminal. If it gives an error about libeiskaltdcpp.so.2.2 missing, just execute the following command:

sudo cp /usr/lib/libeiskaltdcpp.so.2.2 /usr/lib64/ -v

Now you can run Eiskalt without any problems.

Linus Torvalds, on Software Development Management. Source: http://h30565.www3.hp.com/t5/Feature-Articles/Linus-Torvalds-s-Lessons-on-Software-Development-Management/ba-p/440

We have discussed earlier how easy it is to setup a web development environment on your Ubuntu desktop. In this article we will try to have a more customized setup of this environment for easily working with multiple websites. Also find below introduction to some useful Apache utilities and configuration files on Ubuntu/Debian operating system.

One of the ways to work on multiple sites is to put different directories under /var/www and access them as http://localhost/site1, http://localhost/site2 etc. but there is another and more elegant way. We can access our sites simply by pointing our browsers to http://site1/ and http://site2 etc. To find out how, follow the tutorial.

Let’s keep all our development websites under the home directory in public_html folder. Apart from being easy to manage your website from inside your home folder, this has the benefit that you no longer need to use sudo to put files in your document root (/var/www earlier).

Open the Terminal and follow the steps for a test setup, you may customize it your preferences later:

kartik@PlatiniumLight ~ $ mkdir public_html
kartik@PlatiniumLight ~ $ cd public_html/
kartik@PlatiniumLight ~/public_html $ mkdir site1
kartik@PlatiniumLight ~/public_html $ mkdir site2
kartik@PlatiniumLight ~/public_html $ 

Create files called index.html with some content inside each of these directories to help you identify them when you walk through this tutorial:

kartik@PlatiniumLight ~/public_html $ cd site1
kartik@PlatiniumLight ~/public_html/site1 $ gedit index.html

Screenshot - index.html (~/public_html/site1) - gedit

Enter some text such as “This is site 1″ and save the file. Similarly put “This is site 2″ in the index.html of site2 directory.

kartik@PlatiniumLight ~/public_html/site1 $ cd ../site2
kartik@PlatiniumLight ~/public_html/site2 $ gedit index.html

Screenshot - index.html (~/public_html/site2) - gedit

Now begins the main step of the process. We have to create separate apache configuration file for each of the websites. This is fairly easy to do. We copy the default config file and modify it to our needs:

kartik@PlatiniumLight ~/public_html/site2 $ cd /etc/apache2/sites-available/
kartik@PlatiniumLight /etc/apache2/sites-available $ sudo cp default site1
kartik@PlatiniumLight /etc/apache2/sites-available $ sudo cp default site2
kartik@PlatiniumLight /etc/apache2/sites-available $ sudo vim site1

Note that I am using vim editor for making the changes as I prefer it for its amazing syntax highlight support even for various linux configuration files, you may use gedit, or any other editor instead.

We need to change the path of the DocumentRoot and Directory to the particular website’s directory, and add a ServerName directive:

ServerName site1
DocumentRoot /home/kartik/public_html/site1
<Directory /home/kartik/public_html/site1/>

Take notice of the ‘/’ near the end of the second line, it is important. Also don’t forget to add the line with ServerName directive just before the DocumentRoot directive. The lines which need to be edited are highlighted with red arrows in the following screenshot:

Screenshot - Terminal - Editing site1 config file

Save the file, similar changes need to be done for other sites also, site2 in this example.

Now we need to make entries in the hosts file so that Apache can recognize the new sites.

 kartik@PlatiniumLight ~ $ sudo gedit /etc/hosts

Add the names of the new sites after localhost as shown:

Screenshot - hosts (/etc) - gedit

Now enable the new websites by using a2ensite command:

kartik@PlatiniumLight ~ $ sudo a2ensite site1
Enabling site site1.
Run '/etc/init.d/apache2 reload' to activate new configuration!
kartik@PlatiniumLight ~ $ 

Do similarly for site2, and then run the following command to activate the new configuration:

kartik@PlatiniumLight ~ $ sudo service apache2 reload
* Reloading web server config apache2
apache2: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 127.0.1.1 for ServerName
[ OK ]
kartik@PlatiniumLight ~ $ 

You can ignore the warning which is shown in the above output. Now open your favorite browser and open http://site1 and http://site2 in different tabs, you will find the content of their respective index.html files.

Screenshot - Chromium showing both the sites

And now you are done with setting up multiple sites in Apache. You can create as many sites as desired by following the same procedure, creating a config file for each website.

Here follows an introduction to some useful Apache utilities and configuration files which aid you in this kind of a setup:

a2ensite – As we used this above, you already know what it does – enable a website among those available under /etc/apache2/sites-available directory.

a2dissite – does exactly the opposite – disable a website so that it is no longer accessible from your web server. E.g.

kartik@PlatiniumLight ~ $ sudo a2dissite site2
[sudo] password for kartik:
Site site2 disabled.
Run '/etc/init.d/apache2 reload' to activate new configuration!
kartik@PlatiniumLight ~ $ sudo service apache2 reload
* Reloading web server config apache2
apache2: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 127.0.1.1 for ServerName
[ OK ]
kartik@PlatiniumLight ~ $ 

This will disable site2 from loading any more. You can use a2ensite to enable it again.

Similar to sites, there are corresponding directories and commands for controlling apache modules also. Available modules are kept under /etc/apache2/mods-available directory and enabled ones are symlinked under mods-enabled directory. The corresponding commands are – a2enmod and a2dismod. E.g.

kartik@PlatiniumLight /etc/apache2/conf.d $ sudo a2enmod rewrite
Enabling module rewrite.
Run '/etc/init.d/apache2 restart' to activate new configuration!
kartik@PlatiniumLight /etc/apache2/conf.d $ sudo service apache2 reload
* Reloading web server config apache2
apache2: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 127.0.1.1 for ServerName
[ OK ]
kartik@PlatiniumLight /etc/apache2/conf.d $ 

This will enable Apache rewrite module which is required my some CMS solutions like Drupal to enable pretty URLs.

Hope this article was useful to you, feel free to ask your doubts, problems you face, or any similar tips you might have through comments.

An edited version of this article first appeared at http://www.muktware.com/articles/1876

• Corruption
• Population explosion
• Typical Indian mentality

The third reason was not much comprehensible to me, and the second is pretty obvious. What caught my attention was the first one – corruption. She was mentioning how one can try to keep up with their values, but the system just won’t let that happen and someday one just has to break. She also warned us not to regret ever in life over the decisions we take now, and advised to be aware enough of the opportunities that lie ahead in the remaining 2 years of our undergraduate life and to take the full advantages of them.

I have been inspired a lot by one of my seniors who has been offered fully funded PhD from 2 US universities and is leaving for the US soon leaving a major job offer from Amazon India. I have never given a serious thought to moving out of India but that discussion with Rath mam gave me a new insight to think over things. Also, perhaps it was just co-incidence just a day before meeting mam I tweeted:

Agreed Neither does punctuality, honesty or integrity RT @rahulp_nair Being sincere in life doesn’t do good in this “ill” society of ours’!!

And it was yesterday, in the morning, I was thinking about what happened of application for passport which I submitted last March in college (even this application got submitted only because there was this passport camp in college during the time, otherwise I might not have applied myself). I had heard about the difficulties in obtaining the passport from relatives and friends and how one has to bribe the policemen and officers involved to get it done. Anyhow, it was another co-incidence, that the same day my friend Mukul informed me that he got a call for my passport verification and I was informed through a call that I need to submit a few documents at Women’s Police Station, near Lohiya Nagar.

In the evening, I visited my friend Agam who lives in Lohiya Nagar and asked him to accompany me to the Police Station. We met the person (a man in his 50′s, sitting outside the passport verification room in open air) whom I had talked with in the morning, and submitted the documents with a little informal chat. He had a copy of my application along with that of another NITC friend of mine who also lives in Ghaziabad. There was a little silence while he was keeping the documents and I was feeling a little nervous before asking to leave. Just then he asked for a bribe. I had only 140 bucks with me, and tried to give 40 to him (I had heard that 20-30 bucks was what policemen in our hostel were taking during the verification), he immediately snapped, “ye kya de rahe ho, isme to bas prasad aayega” (what are you trying to give, one can buy only prasad with this much money). I was taken aback and tried to give him the only other note I had, that of 100 bucks, on which he laughed a little said, “isme kya hoga, chalo jao yahaan se” (what will I do with this much, just get lost). I said, “isse zyada to hain nahi mere paas” (I don’t have more than this) and was a little relieved believing that he was OK with not taking bribe from me  as I didn’t have enough. We started to leave, and the person, who had occupied his chair by now, called out to us from behind, “bataye de raha hoon, kaam nahi hoga tumhara, kam se kam 500 rupaye lagenge” (I am telling you guys, your work will not be done, at least 500 rupees are required). I was shocked to hear this – how openly could he demand for bribe like this?

Image via Wikipedia

Anyway we left the area for the time, and discussed a little in the parking area. I borrowed 200 bucks from Agam, he kept another note of 500 hidden and we set out again thinking about trying to settle the matter with 300 bucks. On the way Agam kept telling me how it was impossible to get the verification done without bribing this guy, he may just send a false report canceling the whole application in the process, and how even if I apply again (costing me above 1000 bucks), my application may end up with this same person, who will still not to do it until bribed. He also had to bribe this same person for his passport verification a few months earlier. To my relief, the person agreed with 300 bucks after blabbering a little. On asking how much time it will take, he said many more steps are there and somebody will visit my house too later (and ask for bribe again – read below).

On reading the above two incidents, I ask you – what choice do we (common, law-abiding citizens of our great country) have in situations like these? What Anna Hazare and team are trying to set up – Jan Lokpal – will that work to change the state of affairs even at this grass-root level? Staying here, either you forget about your morals/values or whatever conscience you have and become a part of the system, or end up nowhere fighting the system. Is the only way out is to leave this country because it will never change (not anytime soon anyway) hoping for a better future in foreign lands?

UPDATE (2011-07-26):

Got info from my father that some policeman visited my house for verification and again took a 1000 bucks (500 for himself another 500 for somebody he has to pass on the application to) this time promising that he will get the job done without hassles like the need to visit some police station. Listening to him, I had to wonder why it is not such a bad idea to legalize bribery (as I mention in response to Amarnath’s comment below), if the bribe takers can really get the job done fast.

WD actions: 3 orphaned actions (comment_publish_action, comment_save_action, comment_unpublish_action) exist in the actions table. Remove orphaned actions

After some scrounging on drupal.org (where most solutions were meant for Drupal 6), I found the solution at http://blog.devkinetic.com/node/9 Just execute the following once:

drush php-eval "actions_synchronize(actions_list(), TRUE);"

A small announcement:

I will be out of touch for about a week on the Internet. Disconnected on all social networks (including twitter) and off-line on chats (including GMail chat) and unavailable on SMS. I have already disabled all email and SMS notifications from the social networks. This is just for the sake of experimenting to see if I can still live without social media, so don’t get weird ideas about this.

I have decided to introspect, give myself a break, finish that huge list of tasks in my to-do list and see how it goes without all those distractions. I have been disconnected earlier (those power cuts, and infrastructure failures) but those times I was desperate to connect, this time it’s different – it’s intentional. May be I will write about my experience later.

For the case of crisis, I will still be available on phone and email (which I pledge to check no more than once in a day) for those who can already connect with me through these media.

Signing off

• Kartik

sudo apt-get install tasksel

This will install a small utility which lets you install a lot packages grouped together as software collections.

sudo tasksel

Launch tasksel and select ‘LAMP server‘ by pressing the SPACE key, press ENTER when you are done (see attached screenshot). It will take some time for the required packages to download and install. Near the end of setup, the installer will ask you to create a password for MySQL‘s root user.

Select LAMP Server among the choices in Tasksel

After the installer finishes, you have the environment ready. Head over to your favorite browser and open http://localhost If everything went fine, the page will say It works!

It works!

Now you can start creating websites by putting your html, php, etc. files under /var/www directory or just choose to go with CMS solutions like Drupal, WordPress or Joomla.

The author also recommends to install phpmyadmin package if you happen to work with MySQL databases.

An edited version of this article first appeared at http://www.muktware.com/articles/08/2011/1348